Glaciers are considered a key and an iconic indicator of climate change. The World Glacier Monitoring Service has noted that global alpine balance has been negative for 35 consecutive years. This highlights the dire future that alpine glaciers face.The goal of this volume is to tell the story, glacier by glacier, of response to climate change from 1984-2015. Of the 165 glaciers examined in 10 different alpine regions, 162 have retreated significantly. It is evident that the changes are significant, not happening at a glacial pace, and are profoundly affecting alpine regions. There is a consistent result that reverberates from mountain range to mountain range, which emphasizes that although regional glacier and climate feedbacks differ, global changes are driving the response. This book considers ten different glaciated regions around the individual glaciers, and offers a different tune to the same chorus of glacier volume loss in the face of climate change.
Foreword xi 1 Alpine Glaciers: An Introduction 1 1.1 Glacier Observation Programs 1 1.2 Importance of Mountain Glaciers 3 1.3 Glacier Terminus Response to Climate Change 3 1.3.1 Equilibrium Response 3 1.3.2 Disequilibrium Response 4 1.3.3 Accumulation Zone Changes 4 1.3.4 Terminus Response Factors 4 1.4 Glacier Runoff 5 1.5 Climate Change and Impact of Runoff 5 References 7 2 Glacier Mass Balance 10 Overview 10 References 14 3 Juneau Icefield 16 Overview 16 3.1 Norris Glacier 19 3.2 Lemon Creek Glacier 20 3.3 Mendenhall Glacier 22 3.4 Herbert Glacier 23 3.5 Eagle Glacier 24 3.6 Gilkey Glacier 25 3.7 Antler Glacier 26 3.8 Field Glacier 28 3.9 Llewellyn Glacier 29 3.10 Tulsequah Glacier 30 3.11 Twin Glacier 31 3.12 Taku Glacier 35 References 37 4 Northern Patagonia Icefield region 38 Overview 38 4.1 Reichert Glacier 39 4.2 Gualas Glacier 41 4.3 San Rafael Glacier 43 4.4 San Quintin Glacier 43 4.5 Fraenkel Glacier 45 4.6 Benito Glacier 46 4.7 Acodado Glacier 47 4.8 Steffen Glacier 49 4.9 HPN4 Glacier 49 4.10 Colonia Glacier 51 4.11 Nef Glacier 53 4.12 Leones Glacier 54 4.13 Fiero Glacier 56 4.14 Grosse Glacier 56 4.15 Verde Glacier 57 References 59 5 South Georgia, Kerguelen, and Heard Islands 61 Overview 61 5.1 Twitcher Glacier 62 5.2 Herz Glacier 64 5.3 Weddel Glacier 64 5.4 Bertrab Glacier 65 5.5 Ross Hindle Glacier 66 5.6 Heaney Glacier Cook Glacier 66 5.7 Nordenskjold Glacier 67 5.8 Harker and Hamberg Glaciers 68 5.9 Neumayer Glacier 68 5.10 Konig Glacier 69 5.11 Purvis Glacier 71 5.12 Stephenson Glacier Heard Island 72 5.13 Agassiz Glacier Kerguelen Island 74 5.14 Ampere Glacier 75 5.15 Lapparent Glacier 75 5.16 Lake District 76 References 79 6 Svalbard: Hornsund Fjord region 80 Overview 80 6.1 South Coast of Hornsund 80 6.2 Eastern Hornsund Glacier change 83 6.3 North side of Hornsund 84 6.4 Sorkappland 85 References 87 7 NovayaZemlya 89 Overview 89 7.1 Kropotkina Glacier 89 7.2 Moshniy Glacier 90 7.3 Vilkitskogo Glacier 91 7.4 Krivosheina Glacier 94 7.5 Nizkiy Glacier 95 7.6 Glazova Glacier 95 7.7 Krayniy Glacier 96 7.8 Taisija Glacier 98 7.9 Chernysheva Glacier 98 7.10 Borzova Glacier 99 7.11 Mack and Velkena Glaciers 99 References 100 8 North Cascade Range, Washington USA 101 Overview 101 8.1 Skykomish River Basin 102 8.1.1 Lynch Glacier 102 8.1.2 Hinman Glacier 103 8.1.3 Foss Glacier 105 8.1.4 Columbia Glacier 105 8.1.5 Skykomish Streamflow Impact 107 8.2 Mount Baker and Nooksack River 108 8.2.1 Sholes Glacier 2013 109 8.2.2 Rainbow Glacier 110 8.2.3 Roosevelt Glacier 113 8.2.4 Coleman Glacier 115 8.2.5 Deming Glacier 116 8.2.6 Easton Glacier 119 8.2.7 Boulder Glacier 120 8.3 Glacier Runoff Impact 121 References 126 9 Interior Ranges, British Columbia/Alberta 129 Overview 129 9.1 Yoho Glacier 130 9.2 Des Poilus Glacier 132 9.3 Waputik Icefield Daly Glacier 133 9.4 Cummins Glacier 134 9.5 Apex Glacier 136 9.6 Shackleton Glacier 136 9.7 Columbia Glacier 136 9.8 Freshfield Glacier 139 9.9 Lyell Icefield Mons Icefield 139 9.10 Haworth Glacier 139 9.11 Sir Sandford Glacier 144 9.12 Dismal Glacier 144 9.13 Illecillewaet Icefield 145 9.14 Deville Icefield 146 9.15 Conrad Icefield 147 9.16 Vowell Glacier 149 References 151 10 Himalaya 152 Overview 152 10.1 Middle Lhonak Glacier 154 10.2 South Lhonak Glacier 155 10.3 North Lhonak Glacier 156 10.4 East Langpo Glacier 156 10.5 Changsang Glacier 156 10.6 Zemu Glacier 157 10.7 Kaer Glacier 160 10.8 Longbashaba Glacier 160 10.9 Zhizhai Glacier 161 10.10 Jimi Glacier 161 10.11 Yindapu Glacier 162 10.12 Gelhaipuco Glacier 163 10.13 Qangzonkco Glacier 163 10.14 Nobuk Glacier 165 10.15 Nangama Pokhari 166 10.16 Kanchenjunga Glacier 166 References 169 11 New Zealand 171 Overview 171 11.1 Mueller Glacier 171 11.2 Hooker Glacier 173 11.3 Tasman Glacier 174 11.4 Murchison Glacier 174 11.5 Douglas Neve 176 11.6 La Perouse Glacier 177 11.7 Balfour Glacier 180 11.8 Fox Glacier 181 11.9 Franz Josef Glacier 181 11.10 Classen Glacier 183 11.11 Godley Glacier 184 11.12 Lyell Glacier 184 References 185 12 Alps: Mont Blanc Matterhorn Transect 187 Overview 187 12.1 Mer De Glace 188 12.2 Glacier d Argentiere 190 12.3 Tour de Glacier 191 12.4 Trient Glacier 192 12.5 Saleina Glacier 194 12.6 Bossons Glacier 194 12.7 Taconnaz Glacier 195 12.8 Bionnassay Glacier 195 12.9 Otemma Glacier 196 12.10 Breney Glacier 197 12.11 Gietro Glacier 198 12.12 Corbassiere Glacier 198 12.13 Glacier du Mont Mine 198 12.14 Ferpecle Glacier 200 12.15 Gornergletscher 202 12.16 Findelengletscher 203 12.17 Theodulgletscher 204 12.18 Lex Blanche Glacier 206 12.19 Miage Glacier 208 12.20 Brouillard Glacier 208 12.21 Freney Glacier 208 References 209 13 Alpine Glacier Change Summary 211 References 212 Index 215
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