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Contents

List of Tables, Exhibits, and Figures vii Acknowledgments xi Preface xiii Part I. Training Fundamentals 1 1. Assessing Needs 3 Understanding Needs Assessment 3 Needs-Assessment Process 6 How to Conduct a Needs Assessment 9 Developing an Action Plan 21 Assessing Participants' Knowledge, Attitudes, Skills 21 Key Points 24 2. Understanding Adult Learners 25 Andragogical versus Pedagogical Model 25 How and Why People Learn 26 Learning Styles 28 Application of Learning Principles 36 Key Points 38 3. Training Styles 39 Trainer Characteristics and Competencies 39 Training Style 41 Learner-Centered versus Information-Centered 64 Key Elements of a Trainer's Style 68 Key Points 69 4. Understanding Today's Learner 71 The Changing Training Environment 71 Self-Awareness 72 Diversity Issues 73 Key Points 81 5. Writing Instructional Objectives 83 What are Learning Objectives? 83 Writing Learning Objectives 85 Key Points 92 6. Writing an Instructional Plan 93 Instructional Plan Overview 93 Time Needed to Develop a Training Program 94 Cost Considerations 95 Major Components of Design 96 Creating a Design Matrix 96 Creating a Detailed Instructional Plan 101 Components of an Instructional Plan 101 Instructional Methods 106 Developing Materials 107 Key Points 115 7. Selecting, Designing, and Developing Active-Training Methods 117 The Case for Active Training 117 Cooperative Learning 118 Creating an Active-Learning Environment 119 Designing Active-Training Activities 122 Common Methods and Materials 124 Experiential Learning Activities 136 Key Points 142 8. Delivering Training 143 Creating a Positive Learning Environment 143 Experiential Learning Cycle 166 Tips for Using Specific Methods 172 Improving Platform Presence 177 Key Points 179 9. Using Visual Aids 181 Retention Rate in Visual Learning 181 Reasons to Use Visual Aids 182 Guidelines for Using Slides 184 Using Flip Charts 186 Using Videos and Video Clips 189 Key Points 191 10. Working with Groups 193 The Trainer as Facilitator 193 Ways to Encourage Participation 194 The Art of Asking Questions 195 Responding to Questions 196 Scaling the Wall of Resistance 200 Problem Situations 205 Key Points 214 11. Using Creativity 215 Creativity with Small Groups 215 Props and Other Theatrical Techniques 218 Using Games 221 Creative Closings 226 Key Points 230 12. Evaluating Training 231 Evaluation Basics 231 Four-Level Model for Training Evaluation 233 Participant Evaluation and Accountability for e-Learning 245 Accountability for Training 247 Significance of the Evaluation Process 250 Key Points 250 Part II. Special Training Considerations 251 13. Training across Cultures 253 Globalization of Businesses and People 253 Culture and Cultural Dimensions 254 Becoming Culturally Intelligent 255 Practical Application 262 Key Points 265 14. Storytelling as a Training Technique 267 The Value of Storytelling 267 Types of Stories 269 Telling Personal Stories 271 Capturing Your Personal Stories 275 How to Tell Your Story 277 Key Points 278 15. Using Technology in Training 279 Workplace Trends 279 Advantages/Benefits of Distance Learning 280 Disadvantages/Drawbacks to Distance Learning 282 Types of Distance Learning 284 Guidelines for Designing Distance Learning 286 Designing and Developing Activities 288 Delivering Content and Activities 294 Key Points 296 16. Training on the Job 297 The Need for Structured On-the-Job Training 297 Selecting the Trainer 299 Developing an Instructional Plan 301 On-the-Job Training Model 304 Evaluating On-the-Job Training 307 Key Points 311 17. Training During Tough Times 313 Prove the Value of Training 313 Methods to Stretch Training Dollars 314 Technology-Based Delivery Methods 322 Just-in-Time Materials 327 Key Points 327 18. The Business of Consulting: Internal and External 329 The Changing Role of the Trainer 329 The Client-Consultant Relationship 330 Developing a Proposal 335 Setting Clear Expectations 336 Selecting an External Consultant 337 After the Project 340 Key Points 341 Appendix A: Answers to Exercises 343 Appendix B: Recommended Resources 347 Appendix C: Criteria for Selecting Packaged Programs 349 References 351 Index 355 About the Author 367

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